The ISS and SOS contribute significantly to the growth of both the cranium and the upper face ( Wei et al., 2016). The spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) joins the basi-sphenoid and occipital bones, and the intersphenoid synchondrosis (ISS) joins the pre-sphenoid and basi-sphenoid bones in cranial base. Synchondroses are comprised of mirror-image growth plates with a central resting zone surrounded by proliferative and hypertrophic zones at both sides ( Wei et al., 2016). The cranial base contains multiple growth centers called synchondroses, which are the counterpart of growth plates in long bones. On the other hand, the cranial base, a supporting platform for the development of the brain, is formed through endochondral ossification similar to that seen in the appendicular and axial skeletons. Most of the craniofacial bones such as the calvaria, some facial bones, and mandible are formed through intramembranous ossification. The craniofacial skeleton is formed through two distinct ossification mechanisms ( Kronenberg, 2003). A thorough understanding of normal craniofacial skeletal development is required for a better understanding and treatment of defective craniofacial skeletal development. However, most of our information about skeletal development comes from analyses of the postcranial skeleton. They compromise not only the esthetics and function, but also the mental wellbeing of the affected individual. Craniofacial skeletal malformations represent one of the largest classes of birth defects ( Warman et al., 2011). The craniofacial skeleton is distinct from the body skeleton in the complexity of its organization, its embryonic origin, and the molecular mechanisms inducing skeletogenesis. Additionally, our data documents the complex and differential changes in bone parameters (thickness, bone volume, bone volume/tissue volume, bone mineral density, and tissue mineral density) of various craniofacial bones with different embryonic origins and ossification mechanisms during postnatal growth, which underscores the complexity of craniofacial bone development and provides a reference standard for future quantitative analysis of craniofacial bones. Our data demonstrates a unique craniofacial skeletal development pattern in female C57BL/6NCrl mice, and differentiates the early vs. In this report, we employed high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) in combination with morphometric measurements to analyze the postnatal craniofacial skeletal development from day 7 (P7) through day 390 (P390) of female C57BL/6NCrl mice, a widely used mouse strain. However, there is a lack of detailed normative data of mouse craniofacial skeletal development in the literature. Mouse models are critical tools for the study of craniofacial developmental abnormalities. Our ability to prevent or mitigate craniofacial skeletal anomalies is at least partly dependent on our understanding of the unique physiological development of the craniofacial skeleton. The perturbation of its development can lead to craniofacial dysmorphology and associated morbidities. The craniofacial skeleton is a complex and unique structure. 3Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.2Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.1Department of Orthodontics, Jilin University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Changchun, China.
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